Development of Public Personnel Management (PPM) in Bangladesh

Public personal administration operates in a milieu of checks and balances. Especially this is a true in a government of a popular and democratic type. Because the personal system in such a government-particularly the system under which civil servants are recruited, the legal status as regards their tenure of employment, their compensation, opportunities for advancement, working conditions is one in which distinct parties have a direct interest; the general public, the government viewed as an employer and the employees.

Relationship between Peace and Development

Development is the precondition for establishing peace. So peace is impossible without development which means that there is a close relation between development and peace. Whenever development is ensured, peace is automatically established at that time. In this way, development always helps to sustain peace. Whereas poverty is a course which diminishes an individual’s faith in his capability and, in turn perpetuates inequality. The inequality threatens the social fabrics, and jeopardizes peace and security in any society. With reference to this connection, “micro credit is not a panacea for all poverty reduction problems but it is the beginning to an end, and not an end by itself.”[1]

Explanation of Poverty, Peace and Development

Poverty: Poverty is the crudest form of denial of opportunities and choices to human development. It is a vicious circle, has a long standing history. Still today, it exists as a curse. Poverty prevailed in the past, it exists no’s and it is likely to remain in the future as a course on the human society. Therefore, poverty free world may not be attained through eradications but it must be alleviated to a humane standards and tolerance.

Role of ancestors in the development modern banking: Money-lender

Moneylenders have a great contribution on the development of modern banking. The factors influenced moneylenders to join with the banking business are as follows-
1. As moneylenders were rich, everyone trusted them.
2. They had a power of influencing and /convincing anyone.
3. They took the deposited money and provided loan to poor people.

Role of ancestors in the development modern banking: Merchant

As the merchants were engaged with money transaction, it may be said that they had a great contribution on the development of bank. Adam Smith compared the Merchants to “Financial Company’. That time, the situations which were in favor of the development of banking system for the merchant were as follows-

1. Merchants were rich people of the society.

2. For their own sake they were honest.

Role of ancestors in the development modern banking: Goldsmith

The role of goldsmith regarding the development of modern bank was very important. Due to their business nature and character they were well-reputed person at that time. People kept their valuable goods to them because-

1. They were socially treated as honest, truthful and ethical.

2. They were financially rich.

Role of ancestors in the development modern banking

Ancestors & modern Banker are the persons who played a contribution on the development and evaluation of modern banking.
According to Prof. G. Crowther- “The present day bankers has three ancestors ‘Goldsmith’, “Merchant’, and ‘Money-lenders’.” According to the definition mentioned above the ancestors are classified as follows-

Urbanization as Environmental Issues of Sustainable development of Bangladesh

Urban areas particularly the big cities including Dhaka have serious pollution problems with respect to solid waste management, growth of slum areas without supply of clean water, and sanitation facilities, with congested living conditions, inadequate drainage system, and untreated industrial waste disposal. Most of these factors affect the urban poor in terms of general hardship, ill-health and even death. As usual it is the women and the children who are the worst victims. Such appalling conditions also adversely affect labour productivity due to disease and morbidity and thus increases vulnerability of the poor.

Challenges to Sustainable Development of Bangladesh

1 Population

Bangladesh is the 8^th largest country in the world with a population of 142.3 million in 2011 (BBS, Population and Housing Census 2011, Preliminary Results) living in an area of 147,570 sq km. The population density of the country is 964 per sq km that makes it the most populous country in the world with the exception of island nations/territories such as Singapore and Hong Kong. Early policy makers of the country identified population as the number one problem of the country and devised policies and strategies to control population growth. Consequently, the population growth rate declined from 2.48 percent per annum in 1974 to 1.34 percent per annum in 2011.

Sustainable development vision of Bangladesh

It is now widely recognized that the process of economic growth must be equitable as well as environmentally sustainable. The environmental efficacy deteriorates when the environment is degraded and the environmental balance disturbed through overuse, pollution, deforestation, and the consequences of greenhouse gas emissions. Environmentally sound development calls for actions to restore and maintain environmental health while pursuing socio-economic development. Internationally, there is broad consensus that the environment and production systems should be tailored to minimize damage to the environment to ensure the sustainability of development, and the environmental services should be directed towards poverty reduction.

Migration and Development: The Case of Bangladesh

Bangladesh has a long history of migration. The ancestors of the Sinhala population of Sri Lanka are believed to have migrated there centuries ago, from the territory that now constitutes Bangladesh. In the 18th century, when the British developed the tea industry in north-east Bengal, they brought indenture labours from different parts of India. Again when colonial policies destroyed Bengals jute and cotton industries and the market for fine muslin collapsed, there followed large scale migration of Bengalies to Asam.

Remittances and Development

“Remittances facilitate human capital formation mainly by improving access to education and health. They also lead to an increase in investments and the reduction of poverty, particularly within recipient households. Remittances have also been critical sources of foreign exchange for the national accounts and have been found to promote macroeconomic stability”.

Remittances the fact of Migration and Development

Remittances are in effect a share of the additional output created by the productivity gains which migration delivers. The flow of remittances is primarily a function of the numbers of migrants, the amount of money they earn, and their propensity to remit. Remittances can provide developing countries with large injection of resources, enabling them to narrow the trade gaps, increase foreign currency reserves, service their debts, and make progress in reducing poverty and achieving sustainable development. From a report of World Bank, it has come out that a ten percent increase in the share of international remittance in a country’ GDP will lead to a 1.6 percent decline in the proportion of people living in poverty[1].

The Nexus between Migration and Development

Migration and development are interdependent processes in the globalizing world. These processes, either jointly or independently, have played a decisive role in the progress of human civilization. They have influenced the evolution of states, societies, economies and institutions. In fact the forces of migration have influenced the nature of the production system and the development process for centuries.

Ideological distinctions and Development of Migration

First World	Second World	Third World
Private capitalism Political + Economic	Command Socialism Economic + Social	Human needs   Social + Economic

  

Migration Dimensions of Development

Dimensions	Process
Political	Representative and participatory democracy
Economic	Central and decentralized planning
Social	Provision of human needs
Cultural	Fostering of selflessness, collaboration, solidarity, political consciousness and social responsibility

Development of Migration

Development is viewed as a gradual unfolding and a gradual advance or growth through progressive changes. Mittleman observes development as ‘the increasing capacity to make rational use of natural and human resources for social ends (Mittleman1988:22). However, Baran reminds that development means ‘a far reaching transformation of society’s economic, social and political structure, of the dominant organization of production, distribution and consumption’ and that it ‘has never been a smooth, harmonious process unfolding placidity over time and space (Baran1957:3). Rodney correctly tells that development is a many sided process, implying for the individual ‘increased skill and capacity, greater freedom, creativity, self-discipline, responsibility, and material well-being (Rodney 1974:3).