Mobile money transfer

Mobile money transfer is a revolutionary step, introduced by the mobile remittance service providers in the country .It has given the opportunity for millions of migrant workers to transfer their hard-earning money effortlessly, efficiently and promptly. Even a few days ago, money transfer agencies were very rare in the rural areas and it was also very tough to use bank or agencies. Most of the time, the sender had to rely on the fellow workers, traveling home. Banks or agencies take 4/5 days or sometimes more. The introduction of mobile remittance service has brought that down to a few minutes.

Bargaining power of suppliers

If the telecom operators had to design the products on the whims of the suppliers because their output is unique, then the suppliers would enjoy absolute advantage in terms of bargaining power. But here this is not the case. Again, since the number of the suppliers is very limited say NOKIA & Ericsson and a handful number of network administrators, they (the suppliers) have this power to leverage on this, because this is limiting the choice of the operators and making the switching cost very high for them.

Threat of new entrants or barriers to entry

Barriers to entry, identified as one of the five forces, presents five structural determinants that affect a company’s ability to enter new markets; economies of scale, product differentiation, government as with telecom licences for example, favourable access to the distribution channels and capital requirements (Whittington and Melin, 2005). The government policies and regulations could also impose a significant barrier to entry in the telecom industry. For example, this industry is getting more concerned about the customers’ convenience, setting competitive price structure, invest in corporate social responsibilities which could be difficult to maintain by a new company.

Marketing Perspectives 4 Ps

The marketing mix of the industry can be broken down into the "4 Ps" of marketing. These are the parameters that the marketing manager can control, subject o the internal and external constraints of the marketing environment in order to make decisions focusing on the customers in the target market in order to create perceived value and generate positive response.

Competitive rivalry within the industry

There is a very intense competition among the players in the telecom market of Bangladesh which characterized the rivalry within the industry is very high. Some of the major competitors are; Grameen Phone, Bangla link, Airtel, Robi, Citycell, Tele talk are all engage in continuous competition in terms of providing attractive offers. According to the Porter’s five forces model, the competition in an industry will continually drive down the rate of return generating negative influences on the profitability of firms in the entire industry. As noted by (Johnson, et al. 2005), Porter’s fifth force, competitive rivalry, is also an element addressed by the strategic group analysis where it considers competitive rivalry and how this forces both impact and it is impacted by other four forces.

Bargaining power of customers

Buyers in Porter’s five forces model tend to compete with the industry by forcing down prices and bargaining for higher quality products and services at lower prices (Grant, 2005). In our country the customers have absolute bargaining power. Because there are a number of operators in the market, the cost for switching loyalty is very low. Customers may want to switch from one operator to another for a better deal. Nothing can restrict this trend. In fact what we see is that every customer nowadays uses more than one mobile phone or at least owns more than one connection, and use them interchangeably.

Challenges of Climate change of Bangladesh

The climate of Bangladesh is influenced by monsoon climate and characterized by high temperature, heavy rainfall, often-excessive humidity and marked seasonal variations. Although more than half the area is north of the Tropics, the effect of the Himalayan mountain chain is such as to make the climate more or less tropical throughout the year. The climate is controlled primarily by summer and winter winds, and partly by pre-monsoon (March to May) and post-monsoon (late October to November) circulation. The Southwest Monsoon originates over the Indian Ocean, and carries warm, moist and unstable air. The easterly Trade Winds are also warm, but relatively drier. The Northeast Monsoon comes from the Siberian Desert, retaining most of its pristine cold, and blows over the country, usually in gusts, during dry winter months.

Natural disaster Earthquake of Bangladesh

Bangladesh and the northeastern Indian states have long been one of the seismically active regions of the world, and have experienced numerous large earthquakes during the past 200 years. The record of approximately 150 years shows that Bangladesh and the surrounding regions experienced seven major earthquakes. The Great Indian earthquake in 1897 and the Srimongal Earthquake in 1918 were the most destructive. In the recent past, a number of tremors of moderate intensity had already taken place in and around Bangladesh. Dhaka city has been suffering from mild tremors in recent times.

natural disaster River bank erosion of Bangladesh

Rivers in Bangladesh are morphologically highly dynamic. Erosion processes are highly unpredictable, and not compensated by accretion. These processes also have dramatic consequences in the lives of people living in the erosion prone areas. Around 10,000 hectares land is eroded by river per year in Bangladesh affecting about 1 million people on a yearly basis. Kurigram, Gaibandha, Jamalpur, Bogra, Sirajganj, Tangail, Pabna and Manikganj districts lie in the erosion prone area along Jamuna River. Erosion of total area and settlement is higher along the left bank than that of the right bank. Along Padma River, there are the districts of Rajbari, Faridpur, Manikganj, Dhaka, Munshiganj and Shariatpur. Chandpur on Lower Meghna is also seriously erosion prone.

Natural disaster Drought of Bangladesh

Bangladesh experiences major droughts once in 5 years. Droughts at local scale are much more frequent and affect part of the crop life cycle. The western part of the country is vulnerable to drought during pre-monsoon period. During the last 50 years, Bangladesh suffered about 20 drought conditions. The drought condition in north-western Bangladesh in recent decades had led to a shortfall of rice production of 3.5 million tonnes in the 1990s. If other losses, such as, to other crops (all rabi crops, sugarcane, tobacco, wheat, etc) as well as to perennial agricultural resources, such as, bamboo, betel nut, fruits like litchi, mango, jackfruit, banana etc. are considered, the loss will be substantially much higher.

Natural disaster Cyclone and Storm Surges of Bangladesh

The Bay of Bengal is a known breeding ground of tropical cyclone and hit the coastal area of Bangladesh during pre-monsoon (April and May) and post-monsoon (October and November). One of the reasons why it hits Bangladesh coast often is the conical shape of the Bay of Bengal. Over the last 50 years, 15 severe cyclones with wind speed ranging from 140 to 225 km/hr have hit the coastal area of Bangladesh of which 7 hit in pre-monsoon and rest in the post-monsoon season.

Natural disaster Flood of Bangladesh

Flood is a regular natural disaster occurring in Bangladesh and thus entailing huge damage to the economy. On average, approximately one quarter of the country is inundated. Once in every 4-5 years, however there is a severe flood that may cover over 60% of the country and cause loss of life and substantial damage to infrastructure, housing, agriculture and livelihoods. In the last 25 years, Bangladesh has experienced five severe floods (Table 2.1), the most damaging one being in 1998 covering more than two-thirds area of the country.

Natural Disaster of Bangladesh

Natural disaster is a regular phenomenon in Bangladesh due to its unique geographical location (Himalaya to the north and Bay of Bengal to the south). Key natural disasters are riverine flood, tropical cyclones, droughts, river erosion and earthquake. It is reported that disasters that occurred between 1991 and 2000, resulted in nearly 200,000 deaths and causing US $ 5.9 billion in damages with high losses in agriculture and infrastructure. The direct annual cost to the national economy of natural disasters over the last 10 years (damage and lost production) is estimated to be between 0.5% and 1% of GDP.

Water resources of Bangladesh

Even though a water resource is an integral part of economic and social development for Bangladesh, it is very poorly managed. PRSP-2005 has identified the major areas of concern in water resource management as floods, drainage congestion, droughts, cross-boundary flows, river erosion and accretion, cyclones, water quality and rights, surface salinity, groundwater quality, climate change and environmental management.

Urbanization as Environmental Issues of Sustainable development of Bangladesh

Urban areas particularly the big cities including Dhaka have serious pollution problems with respect to solid waste management, growth of slum areas without supply of clean water, and sanitation facilities, with congested living conditions, inadequate drainage system, and untreated industrial waste disposal. Most of these factors affect the urban poor in terms of general hardship, ill-health and even death. As usual it is the women and the children who are the worst victims. Such appalling conditions also adversely affect labour productivity due to disease and morbidity and thus increases vulnerability of the poor.

Environment and natural resource management of Bangladesh

Human lives and livelihood in Bangladesh are intricately intertwined with nature. Consequently, no process of development and eradication of poverty can be conceived of without putting caring for environment and sustainable development at the centre stage. On the other hand, as the poor depend heavily on nature for their livelihood, without the whole-hearted involvement of the poor, caring for environment becomes an extremely difficult task. Bangladesh is a signatory of the Multilateral Environmental Agreement by which government is committed to undertake certain environmental management actions which will be largely beneficial to the poor.

Poverty and Inequality challenges of Bangladesh

Poverty reduction has been a priority objective of development of Bangladesh since its emergence as an independent nation in 1971. Starting from the First Five Year Plan (1973-1978) which emphasized poverty reduction through employment generation, all development plans as well as the two poverty reduction strategy papers recognized the importance of poverty reduction and developed policies and strategies for poverty reduction. Consequently, significant reduction in poverty has taken place in the last four decades – the incidence of poverty as measured by headcount rate declined from more than 80 percent in 1973-74 to 31.5 percent in 2010 (BBS, Report on the Household Income and Expenditure Survey 2010).

Population Challenges of Bangladesh

Bangladesh is the 8th largest country in the world with a population of 142.3 million in 2011 (BBS, Population and Housing Census 2011, Preliminary Results) living in an area of 147,570 sq km. The population density of the country is 964 per sq km that makes it the most populous country in the world with the exception of island nations/territories such as Singapore and Hong Kong. Early policy makers of the country identified population as the number one problem of the country and devised policies and strategies to control population growth. Consequently, the population growth rate declined from 2.48 percent per annum in 1974 to 1.34 percent per annum in 2011. TFR has decreased from 5.04 in 1981 to 2.15 per woman in 2009 with 2.28 in rural and 1.65 in urban areas (BBS, Report on Sample Vital Registration System – 2009). These are commendable achievements for a least developed country like Bangladesh but it is far from what the country needs to achieve for sustainability particularly social sustainability.

Challenges to Sustainable Development of Bangladesh

1 Population

Bangladesh is the 8^th largest country in the world with a population of 142.3 million in 2011 (BBS, Population and Housing Census 2011, Preliminary Results) living in an area of 147,570 sq km. The population density of the country is 964 per sq km that makes it the most populous country in the world with the exception of island nations/territories such as Singapore and Hong Kong. Early policy makers of the country identified population as the number one problem of the country and devised policies and strategies to control population growth. Consequently, the population growth rate declined from 2.48 percent per annum in 1974 to 1.34 percent per annum in 2011.

Strategic Framework of NSDS of Bangladesh

The framework for NSDS is presented in the flowchart of NSDS Framework which indicates that the goal of the strategy is to ensure sustainable development of Bangladesh, that is, development of current generation without sacrificing the needs of the future generation. The goal is based on a vision for sustainable development formed through a process of stakeholder consultations. To fulfill the vision of sustainable development five strategic priority areas are identified which are: sustained economic growth, development of priority sectors, urban environment, social security and protection, and environment and natural resource management.

Sustainable development vision of Bangladesh

It is now widely recognized that the process of economic growth must be equitable as well as environmentally sustainable. The environmental efficacy deteriorates when the environment is degraded and the environmental balance disturbed through overuse, pollution, deforestation, and the consequences of greenhouse gas emissions. Environmentally sound development calls for actions to restore and maintain environmental health while pursuing socio-economic development. Internationally, there is broad consensus that the environment and production systems should be tailored to minimize damage to the environment to ensure the sustainability of development, and the environmental services should be directed towards poverty reduction.

Principles of Formulating NSDS of Bangladesh

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the Government of Bangladesh came to an agreement in the middle of 2007 to prepare the NSDS for Bangladesh and to establish an institutional structure in the form of National Commission on Sustainable Development (NCSD) or any other appropriate body. The Government designated the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh as the National Focal Point (NFP) to coordinate the formulation of the NSDS, in close coordination with UNEP. The MoEF designated the Department of Environment as the executing agency for preparation of the NSDS.

Intentional delay is caused by the following reasons of Civil Litigations

The lawyers don’t co-operate with the speedy disposal of a case. The lawyer may help the court and the litigants in many ways for quick disposal of cases. The practice of asking for time on any ground, personal or other reasons, should be avoided and the procedure laid down in the Code of Civil Procedure for simplification of trial by taking pre-trial steps, such as, discovery, service of interrogatories etc. should be scrupulously adhered to so that at the final hearing no time is wasted securing adjournments on these grounds. The government lawyer’s negligence is also liable for delay in civil cases because they remain busy with their private cases. Many times government can’t present the statement of fact in right time. The ADC of a district is to prepare this. But they don’t send this in right time.20

Causes of Compulsory Delay in Civil Litigations

The sources of compulsory delay starts form filing of a plaint. A plaint isn’t examined by the judge on the date of the registration of the plaint to see whether a prima facie case has been made out warranting issue of summons. Automatic issuance of summons is a point from which delay ensues. There often occurs some delay between the filing of the plaint and its placing before the court for direction to register.11

Causes of Delay in Civil Litigations

The delay can be addressed from two side’s namely compulsory delay and intentional delay. Compulsory delay is caused due to our age old legal system and intentional delay is caused by the persons who are instrumental in administration of justice and more specifically the lawyers and parties to the suits.7

Delay in Civil Litigations of Bangladesh

Delay in disposal of cases is an alarming issue of the judiciary in Bangladesh. This is also a humanitarian issue all over the world both from social and economic aspects. Now-a-days delay in the justice system has reached a point where if has become a factor of injustice, a violator of human right. Praying for justice, the parties become part of a long, protractor and torturing process. When a case is filed with a court, no body knows when it will end. Even a small case which should be disposed of within one year, may take 10-15 years to dispose of through all stages.

Psychological counseling and consultation Beliefs and rituals of Children of Sex Workers (CSW)

At every shelter home there is facility of PCC. They come forward to providing mental support to children. And they try to resolve their problem. Those who do not live in shelter home, they also get such facility. They are counseled on teenage issues, childhood love, mental distress and many more issues. They are informed about the prevailing privileges for them They are developed in such a way so that they become acceptable to the society. They are made aware of their rights. They are taught about the responsibilities of a citizen. The sense of basic human rights is strengthened among them.

Beliefs and rituals of Sex Workers (CSW)

In past, prostitutes and their children were buried without observing religious rituals. Hindus were buried and Muslims were burnt. Or else they were made float in the river. But at present, separate graveyard has been built and Janaja prayer is held for the departed soul. Hindus are burnt following rituals. Most of the CSWs practice rituals. They say prayer, keep fast and read the Holy Quran. They regularly go to the mosque and temple. The hujur or caregivers encourage them to observe rituals. They seek help from the almighty while they are in danger.

Reduction of various obstacles of Sex Workers (CSW)

In past CSW, would not get access to any school. Now, they can easily find access to higher studies. They could not move into public places, now they can. Girls would get involved in prostitution and boys would get involved into smuggling, drug trafficking. But now they have choice of alternative profession. They did not have any facility of receiving treatment from hospitals. Now, they get such facility. Now, CSW are advancing towards bright future encroach all hindrances.

Access to health-care of Children of Sex Workers (CSW)

Children are informed as well as taught about different diseases. They are also taught about how to prevent and immune from such diseases. Most of the children know about how to take preventive measure for some common diseases like fever. They know about cleanliness and nutrition. If someone fells sick, residential doctor, office staffs and other mates take care of him. “Shelter Homes” usually have fast aid arrangement. If someone falls into heavy sickness, he or she is then hospitalized.

Empowerment of Children of Children of Sex Workers (CSW)

Problems of children cannot be traced unless they are questioned. To build an active generation, their problems are to be resolved. It is to be monitored that they should not grow up among hurdles of life. Steps have to be taken so they become aware of their rights. If today’s children get involved into crime, it would be a great threatening to the country. Child parliament has been formed to learn children problems of own. Here, children uphold their problems before the elders.